Yes, and the system is actually set up to assess this from the very beginning.
When a new inmate arrives and goes through orientation, the facility conducts a thorough intake screening that covers physical health, mental health, and substance abuse history. This is not optional and it is not superficial. The results of that screening directly influence where an inmate gets placed and what programming they are assigned to. If the assessment identifies a serious addiction that needs immediate intervention, the facility can route that inmate accordingly. If the need is real but not acute, drug treatment programming within general population is typically the path.
That said, the screening is just the starting point. The inmate's sentence length, the nature of their crime, their security classification, and the resources available at the designated facility all factor into what actually happens. Not every facility offers the same programs, and demand for treatment slots often exceeds availability.
For federal inmates, RDAP is the gold standard. It is a nine-month residential program that addresses substance abuse seriously and carries a significant sentence reduction for those who complete it. Getting into RDAP requires documented substance abuse history and a qualifying conviction, but for eligible inmates it is absolutely worth pursuing.
The most important thing a first-time inmate or their family can do is be completely honest during the intake screening. This is not the moment to downplay addiction or mental health struggles out of pride or fear of stigma. The more accurately the need is documented at the start, the better the chance of getting into programming that actually helps.