Clemency is one of the most misunderstood and least used tools available in the criminal justice system. A pardon, commutation, or reprieve can change the course of a person's life but the process is rarely explained in plain language. This section covers the difference between a pardon and a commutation, how to apply for clemency at the state and federal level, what makes a strong clemency petition, how long the process typically takes, and what realistic expectations look like given historical approval rates. Federal clemency is granted by the President. State clemency is granted by the governor or a clemency board depending on the state. Both processes require patience, documentation, and in most cases legal assistance. The questions answered here come from families who have pursued clemency and from people who understand what decision makers look for when evaluating these petitions. See also our sections on Sentence Reduction and Post Conviction Appeals.